Haapalah / Aliyah Bet

Jerusalem
ירושלים
Yerushalayim
القـُدْس/أورشليم
القُدس
al-Quds
עיר דוד
City of David
Aelia Capitolina

Sir Martin Gilbert cites: "From Baghdad, Jews had been immigrating to Palestine since the first half of the Nineteenth Century.
The earliest of these immigrants were from the Matalon family, arriving in 1818,and from the Ilbizravi family, arriving in 1930.
Another family, the Yehudahs, headed by Shelomo Yehudah, arrived in Palestine in 1854 and established two large religious academies in Jerusalem."
Between 1946-1948, sixty-five Iraqi Jews left for Palestine.
Between 1949-1951, there was a mass exodus of 120,000 Iraqi Jews to Israel.

Sir Martin Gilbert cites: "The first emigration of Bukharan Jews to Jerusalem began... in 1868, and was unopposed by the Ottomans.
In 1982, a Bukharan quarter was founded inside the city and became the centre of commerce and learning."
Aviva Muller-Lancet cites: "Bukharan folkways and costumes were long perpetuated by the community of Jerusalem, making it the most colourful and picturesque element in Jerusalem Jewry."

Sir Martin Gilbert cites: "By 1890 the Jews had formed the majority in Jerusalem for more than thirty years.
Concerns led to 'the first Palestinian Arab protest on 24 June 1891.
That protest took the form of a telegram sent from Jerusalem to the Grand Vizier in Istanbul, it made two requests: that no more Russian Jews should be allowed to enter Palestine, and that they should be forbidden to acquire land there."

Sir Martin Gilbert cites: "Over a period of two months, at the end of 1891 and the beginning of 1892, some 150 Jews arrived in Jerusalem after fleeing Muslim persecution in their native Persia.
The Muslim authorities in Palestine insisted on deporting them; the Jews were rounded up and held captive in a storehouse."

In 1882, Jews from Yemen اليَمَن‎ began immigration to Palestine.
Sir Martin Gilbert cites: "A Yemeni artisans' quarter was established below the walls of Jerusalem, in the Arab village of Silwan.
Beginning in the following year, the Ottoman ruler of Yemen refused to allow the emigration to continue, and for more than two decades Yemeni Jews could only make their way to Palestine clandestinely."