Haapalah

Ternopol Tarnopol Тернополь Тернопіль Ternopil טרנופול
Ternopil is one of three main cities of Eastern Galicia גאליציע, is located in western Ukraine, on the banks of the Seret River, a tributary of the Dniester River.

In 1540, Tarnopol was founded, by Jan Amor Tarnowski, as a Polish military stronghold and a castle.
In 1544, the Tarnopol castle was completed, and repelled its first Tatar attacks.
In 1548, Tarnopol was granted city rights by king Sigismund I of Poland.
In 1567, Tarnopol passed to the Ostrogski family.
In 1575, Tarnopol was plundered by Tatars.
In 1623, the city passed to the Zamoyski family.
In 1675.Tarnopol was almost completely destroyed by the Turks and, Tatars.
The city was rebuilt by Alexsander Koniecpolski, but it did not recover its previous glory until it passed to Marie Casimire, wife of king Jan III Sobieski, in 1690.
In 1694, the city was later sacked for the last time by Tatars.
In 1710, Tarnopol was sacked by the Russians, once during the Great Northern War,
In 1733, Ternopol was sacked, during the War of the Polish Succession.
In 1747, Jozef Potocki invited the Dominicans, who founded the baroque Dominican Church (today the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary of the Ternopil-Zboriv eparchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
From 1768 to 1772, Tarnopol was looted three times during the Confederation of Bar, by the confederates themselves, by the kings army and by Russians.
In 1770, it was devastated by an outbreak of smallpox.
In 1809, Tarnopol became part of the Duchy of Warsaw, but 2 years later, the region came under Russian rule, creating the Ternopol krai.
In 1815, Tarnopol, then a city of 11,000 residents, was returned to Austrian rule in accordance with the Congress of Vienna.
In 1820, Jesuits, expelled from Polatsk by the Russians, established a gymnasium.
In 1870, a rail line connected Tarnopol with Lviv.
During World War I, Tarnopol city passed from German and Austrian forces to Russia several times.
In 1917, Tarnopol was burnt down by fleeing Russian forces.
On April 15th, 1944, the Soviet Red Army occupied Tarnopol.

From its beginnings, Tarnopol was settled by Polish Jews, who soon formed a majority.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, there were 300 Jewish families in the city.
In the 17th century, most of Tarnopol's Jewish residents were driven out or killed, when the cityl was almost wiped from the map in the Chmielnicki Uprising.
After John III of Poland subdued the Cossacks, Tarnopol again prospered and the Jewish population exceeded prior numbers, and became noted for the Hasidim, who made up the majority of the community.
In 1772, Tarnopol came under Austrian rule as part of the First Partition of Poland. Joseph Perl led efforts to improve the condition of the Jews. In 1813 he established a Jewish school, the Tempel für Geregelten Gottesdienst, which had for its chief object the instruction of Jewish youth in German, as well as in Hebrew. Conflict arose between the traditional Hasidim and the modernizing Maskilim regarding the school. The rabbi, S.J. Rapoport, was forced to withdraw.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, he Jews of Tarnopol were principally engaged in the import and export trade with Russia, through the border city of Podwoloczysa.
In June 1941, Tarnopol, traditionally part of Poland, then part of the Soviet Union, became German-occupied territory in the German offensive eastward. One hundred and eighty Jews were shot in Tarnopol early in the German occupation; tens of thousands of Polish Jews were slaughtered as German forces occupied larger swaths of the former eastern Poland. The Red Army represented liberation for the Jewish survivors of German totalitarianism.

The Skalat Tarnopol business directory of 1929 lists a Sz. Birnbaum as szewcy (cordonnier or cobbler/shoe repair).
The business directory of 1929 also lists a M. Kleiner as stolarze (menuisier or carpenter), a M. Kleiner as bednarze (tonnelier or cooper), and Mar. and Men. Kleiner as zboże (Grains or cereals).